Efficacy of Baricitinib in Patients with Various Degrees of Alopecia Areata Severity: Post-Hoc Analysis from BRAVE AA1 and BRAVE AA2.

BACKGROUND: Baricitinib, an oral selective JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor, is approved for the treatment of adults with severe alopecia areata (AA). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate differences in response up to week 52 among subgroups based on the baseline severity of AA assessed with the Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score. METHODS: Data were pooled from BRAVE-AA1 and BRAVE-AA2, two randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials, which enrolled adults with a SALT score ≥ 50. Patients were subdivided by the degree of AA severity at baseline. RESULTS: Among the 855 patients treated with baricitinib 2 mg and 4 mg, improvements in scalp hair growth continued through to week 52. A superior response was observed in patients with a SALT score of 50-94 versus a score of 95-100. Patients on baricitinib 4 mg had a faster and higher response rate compared to baricitinib 2 mg. CONCLUSION: Across all degrees of severity for baricitinib 2 mg and 4 mg doses, the proportion of patients responding was yet to plateau up to week 52. Response to treatment was longer for patients with a baseline SALT score 95-100. Further studies are needed to analyze other parameters that may impact observed response rates.

Molecular Basis of Hereditary Hair Diseases.

The hair follicle is an appendage of the skin that undergoes hair cycles throughout life. Recently, numerous genes expressed in the hair follicles have been identified, and variants in some of these genes are now known to underlie hereditary hair diseases in humans. Hereditary hair diseases are classified into non-syndromic and syndromic forms. In the Japanese population, the non-syndromic form of autosomal recessive woolly hair, which is caused by founder pathogenic variants in the lipase H (LIPH) gene, is the most prevalent hereditary hair disease. In addition, other types of hereditary hair diseases are known in Japan, such as Marie-Unna hereditary hypotrichosis, hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, and tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome. To ensure correct diagnoses and appropriate patient care, dermatologists must understand the characteristics of each hair disorder. Elucidation of the molecular basis of hereditary hair diseases can directly tell us which genes are crucial for morphogenesis and development of hair follicles in humans. Therefore, continuation of "wet laboratory" research for these diseases remains important. To date, several syndromic forms of hereditary hair diseases have been approved as designated intractable diseases in Japan. As part of our efforts in the Project for Research on Intractable Diseases through the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare of Japan, we anticipate that more hereditary hair diseases be recognized as designated intractable diseases in the future, which will be to the benefit of the affected individuals.

Recent Advances in Clinical Research on Rare Intractable Hereditary Skin Diseases in Japan.

Our Research Group for Rare and Intractable Skin Diseases operates within the Project for Research on Intractable Diseases of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare of Japan and is conducting research on eight rare intractable skin diseases. Five of these are monogenic disorders (epidermolysis bullosa, congenital ichthyoses, oculocutaneous albinism, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, and hereditary angioedema), and for a sixth [generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP)], genetic predisposing factors are important. This review introduces our activities for raising public awareness of these six intractable hereditary skin diseases and summarizes our recent achievements in clarifying the situation of medical treatments for these diseases in Japan. We note our current progress in elucidating the pathogeneses of these diseases and in developing new treatment methods, and we discuss our progress in establishing clinical practice guidelines. A nationwide survey on epidermolysis bullosa and a clinical survey on congenital ichthyoses are progressing. The Angioedema Activity Score and the Angioedema Quality-of-Life Questionnaire, the latter of which is a quality-of-life evaluation tool, have been established for hereditary angioedema. Registries of patients with oculocutaneous albinism and pseudoxanthoma elasticum have been created, and the registry for the latter has achieved its target of 170 cases. For GPP, the results of our survey on clinical practice were published in 2021. Information regarding all six of these hereditary skin diseases has been disseminated to academic societies, medical professionals, patients, and the general public.

External Ear Melanoma Treated with Auricular Reconstruction Using Four Different Tissues in a 16-Year-Old Patient.

The auricular region is a common site of cutaneous malignancies, most of which are nonmelanoma skin cancers, such as basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, in older patients. They are often treated with limited surgery that can be performed under local anesthesia. We report the case of a young patient with external ear melanoma who underwent reconstruction for defects of more than one-half of the helix and concha using four types of tissues: a rib cartilage graft, temporoparietal fascia flap, full-thickness skin graft, and retroauricular flap. Extending the retroauricular flap posteriorly to the entire hairless area allowed us to cover the anterior surface of the rib cartilage framework, which helped effectively achieve aesthetics. In auricle reconstruction, it is crucial to determine how well the anterior surface of the auricle is created.

Mild generalised pustular psoriasis patient with a heterozygous hypomorphic MPO variant successfully treated with granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis.

Pathogenic variants in MPO, which encodes the myeloperoxidase, were reported as causative genetic defects in several cases of generalised pustular psoriasis (GPP) in addition to patients with myeloperoxidase deficiency in 2020. However, which clinical subtypes of GPP patients have pathogenic variants in MPO remains largely undetermined, and elucidating this is clinically important. The present report outlines a mild case of GPP with a rare missense heterozygous variant, c.1810C>T p.(Arg604Cys), in MPO. Our structural analysis and functional assays to measure myeloperoxidase activity suggest that the present MPO substitution is a hypomorphic variant in MPO. Thus, the mild phenotype of the present GPP patient might be associated with an incomplete hypomorphic loss-of-function variant in MPO. Additionally, the severe intractable edematous pustules and erythema improved dramatically after five rounds of granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis (GMA) therapy. This is the first report of GMA treatment for GPP associated with a pathogenic variant in MPO, as far as we know. Our findings suggest that GMA might be a useful and powerful tool for controlling GPP in patients with myeloperoxidase deficiency.

Hereditary angio-oedema with normal C1-INH, developing recurrent acute abdomen after taking low-dose oestrogen-progestin: A case report.

Hereditary angio-oedema (HAE) is a rare genetic disease characterised by repeated episodes of temporary organ swelling. Three types of HAE are known, of which HAE with normal C1 inactivator is difficult to be diagnosed due to its lack of laboratory abnormalities. Here, we describe a case of HAE with normal C1 inactivator and recurrent acute abdomen following low-dose oestrogen-progestin therapy. Notably, genetic analysis by Sanger sequencing led to the identification of a recurrent heterozygous missense mutation c.988A > G (p.K330E) in the plasminogen (PLG) gene of the patient. Prophylactic tranexamic acid and on-demand selective bradykinin B2 receptor blockers are used to treat her symptoms.

Integrated safety analysis of baricitinib in adults with severe alopecia areata from two randomized clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: Baricitinib, an oral, selective, reversible Janus kinase (JAK)1/JAK2 inhibitor, is an approved treatment for adults with severe alopecia areata (AA) in the USA, European Union and Japan. OBJECTIVES: To report safety data for baricitinib in patients with severe AA from two clinical trials including long-term extension periods. METHODS: This analysis includes pooled patient-level safety data from two trials, an adaptive phase II/III trial (BRAVE-AA1) and a phase III trial (BRAVE-AA2) (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03570749 and NCT03899259). Data are reported in three datasets: (i) the placebo-controlled dataset (up to week 36): baricitinib 2 mg and 4 mg vs. placebo; (ii) the extended dataset (up to the data cutoff): patients remaining on continuous treatment with baricitinib 2 mg or 4 mg from baseline; and (iii) the all-baricitinib dataset (all-BARI, up to the data cutoff): all patients receiving any dose of baricitinib at any time during the trials. Safety outcomes include treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), adverse events of special interest and abnormal laboratory changes. Proportions of patients with events and incidence rates (IR) were calculated. RESULTS: Data were collected for 1303 patients who were given baricitinib, reflecting 1868 patient-years of exposure (median 532 days). The most frequently reported TEAEs during the placebo-controlled period (based on the baricitinib 4-mg group) were upper respiratory tract infection, nasopharyngitis, headache, acne and elevated blood creatine phosphokinase (CPK). During the placebo-controlled period, the frequency of acne was higher with baricitinib than placebo, and elevated CPK was higher with baricitinib 4 mg than placebo and baricitinib 2 mg. In all-BARI, the IR of serious infections was low (n = 16, IR 0.8). There was one opportunistic infection (IR 0.1), and 34 cases of herpes zoster (IR 1.8). There was one positively adjudicated major adverse cardiovascular event (myocardial infarction) (IR 0.1), one pulmonary embolism (IR 0.1), three malignancies other than nonmelanoma skin cancer (IR 0.2) and one gastrointestinal perforation (IR 0.1). No deaths were reported. CONCLUSIONS: This integrated safety analysis in patients with severe AA is consistent with the overall safety profile of baricitinib. Some differences with atopic dermatitis were noted that may be attributable to the disease characteristics of AA.

Interleukin-18 as a severity marker and novel potential therapeutic target for epidermolytic ichthyosis.

BACKGROUND: Epidermolytic ichthyosis (EI) is a major form of nonsyndromic inherited ichthyosis, characterized by erythroderma, marked hyperkeratosis and scale, bulla and erosion at birth, associated with KRT1/KRT10 mutations. The cytokine and chemokine profiles in EI are poorly understood, and specific treatment options have not been established. AIM: To explore novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in patients with EI. METHODS: We analysed cytokine levels in serum and skin samples from 10 patients with inherited ichthyosis, including seven patients with EI. Wild-type and mutant KRT1 constructs were established and transfected into HaCaT cells, an immortalized keratinocyte cell line, for in vitro immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry analyses. RESULTS: Multiplex cytokine/chemokine analysis revealed that 10 cytokines/chemokines [interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-4, IL-17A, IL-16, IL-18, IL-1 receptor-α, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-α2, basic fibroblast growth factor and monocyte chemotactic protein-3] were significantly increased in patients with EI. Furthermore, IL-18 levels were significantly higher in patients with EI [n = 7; 2714.1 (1438.0) pg mL-1] than in healthy controls [n = 11; 218.4 (28.4) pg mL-1, P < 0.01]. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that IL-18 expression was elevated in skin samples from patients with EI. Serum IL-18 levels correlated with the severity of ichthyosis, as measured by the Ichthyosis Scoring System. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that mature IL-18 levels were increased in the supernatant of mutant KRT1 expressing HaCaT cells. Additionally, these cells showed NLRP3 aggregation in the cytoplasm and ASC clustered around mutant keratin aggregations. These findings suggest that mutant keratin might promote the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and its downstream caspase-1-mediated IL-18 release in keratinocytes from patients with EI. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that serum IL-18 is a severity marker released from the skin of patients with EI. Blockade of IL-18 may be a useful novel therapeutic option for patients with EI.

Different degree of loss-of-function among four missense mutations in the EDAR gene responsible for autosomal recessive hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia may be associated with the phenotypic severity.

Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia is a rare condition characterized by hypohidrosis, hypodontia, and hypotrichosis. The disease can show X-linked recessive, autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive inheritance trait. Of these, the autosomal forms are caused by mutations in either EDAR or EDARADD. To date, the underlying pathomechanisms or genotype-phenotype correlations for autosomal forms have not completely been disclosed. In this study, we performed a series of in vitro studies for four missense mutations in the death domain of EDAR protein: p.R358Q, p.G382S, p.I388T, and p.T403M. The results revealed that p.R358Q- and p.T403M-mutant EDAR showed different expression patterns from wild-type EDAR in both western blots and immunostainings. NF-κB reporter assays demonstrated that all the mutant EDAR showed reduced activation of NF-κB, but the reduction by p.G382S- and p.I388T-mutant EDAR was moderate. Co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that p.R358Q- and p.T403M-mutant EDAR did not bind with EDARADD at all, whereas p.G382S- and p.I388T-mutant EDAR maintained the affinity to some extent. Furthermore, we demonstrated that all the mutant EDAR proteins analyzed aberrantly bound with TRAF6. Sum of the data suggest that the degree of loss-of-function is different among the mutant EDAR proteins, which may be associated with the severity of the disease.

Novel compound heterozygous mutations in the PLEC gene in a neonate with epidermolysis bullosa simplex with pyloric atresia.

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders characterized by the blistering of the skin and mucous membranes. Although the molecular basis of EB has been significantly elucidated, the precise phenotypes of the lethal types of EB have not been completely characterized. Herein, we report a severe case of EB with pyloric atresia (PA). The patient was a Japanese boy who not only had skin lesions but also various complications such as PA, dysphagia, hypotonia, infectious keratitis with corneal ulcer, obstructive uropathy and protein-losing enteropathy. Genetic analysis led to the identification of two novel compound heterozygous mutations in the last exon of the plectin (PLEC) gene. Based on this finding, EB simplex with PA was diagnosed. Immunostaining with anti-plectin antibodies revealed truncated plectin proteins lacking the C-terminus in the patient's skin. We also conducted a prenatal diagnosis in subsequent pregnancy. Our report further highlights the crucial role of plectin in many organs and provides valuable information regarding the phenotypes resulting from mutations in the PLEC gene.

Prevalence of alopecia areata in Japan: Estimates from a nationally representative sample.

Data on the prevalence of alopecia areata (AA) in Japan is limited and the epidemiology of the disease there is not well understood; therefore, it is critical to examine the prevalence and severity of AA in Japan to inform the need for future treatments and research. A cross-sectional, web-based survey was conducted in Japan from January through March 2021. A total of 45 006 participants were identified through general population survey panels and asked about their experience with AA and hair loss. The Alopecia Assessment Tool and the Scalp Hair Assessment PROTM were adopted to screen for history of AA and assess disease severity, respectively. Eligible participants submitted photos of their scalp, which were reviewed by three board-certified dermatologists to evaluate the presence and severity of AA. Prevalence and severity estimates were calculated using participants' self-reported data and verified through the dermatologists' assessments. The participant-reported point prevalence of AA was 2.18%. The adjusted point prevalence following physician adjudication using participant-submitted photos was 1.45%. Topical corticosteroids were the most commonly used treatments, with 34.6% of participants diagnosed with AA reported having ever used them. Participants also reported negative impacts on their mood (70.2%), self-esteem (55.8%), and social interactions (48.9%). Despite the social and emotional impact of hair loss, more than one third of those reporting a physician diagnosis of AA were not currently seeking treatment. The current study identified an estimated prevalence of AA in Japan between 1.45% and 2.18% based on the survey results and physician-adjudication of those findings. Considering the impactful psychological burden of AA, the survey results showing that 38.90% of surveyed patients do not currently seek treatment may indicate an unmet need for remedies.

A homozygous loss-of-function variant in the MPO gene is associated with generalized pustular psoriasis.

Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a rare form of psoriasis, which is characterized by sudden onset of repeated erythema and pustule formation with generalized inflammation. Recent advances in molecular genetics have led to the identification of several genes associated with GPP, including IL36RN, CARD14, AP1S3, SERPINA3, and MPO. Of these, only limited cases of GPP have been reported to carry mutations in the AP1S3, SERPINA3, or MPO to date. In the present study, we investigated a Japanese patient with GPP and found a homozygous missense mutation c.1769G>T (p.Arg590Leu) in the MPO gene. Structural analysis predicted that the mutant MPO protein would abolish its ability to bind with heme protein. In vitro studies using cultured cells revealed that the mutant MPO was stably expressed, but completely lost its myeloperoxidase activity. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) using an anti-MPO antibody showed markedly reduced expression of MPO protein in the patient's skin, suggesting that the mutation would lead to an instability of the MPO protein in vivo. Finally, IHC with an anti-citrullinated Histone H3 antibody demonstrated a sparse formation of neutrophil extracellular traps within a Kogoj's spongiform pustule of the patient's skin. Collectively, we conclude that the c.1769G>T (p.Arg590Leu) in the MPO is a complete loss-of-function mutation associated with GPP in the patient. Our data further underscore critical roles of the MPO gene in the pathogenesis of GPP.

Lower Eyelid Reconstruction Using a Myotarsocutaneous Flap while Considering the Superior and Inferior Palpebral Sulci.

Various reconstructive procedures have been reported for full-thickness defects of the lower eyelid after tumor excision or trauma. In eyelid reconstruction, not only functionality but also cosmetic results are important; furthermore, making scars inconspicuous is challenging. The purpose of this study is to make the scars less noticeable in lower eyelid reconstruction. We reconstructed the anterior lamella using a myotarsocutaneous flap and the posterior lamella of the donor site using a palatal mucosal graft in a 61-year-old man with basal cell carcinoma of the lower eyelid. In designing the myotarsocutaneous flap, we matched the upper edge of the flap with the superior palpebral sulcus, and the lower edge with the inferior palpebral sulcus. The flap length was the same as the width of the defect. The lateral side of the postoperative scar was hidden by the excess skin of the upper eyelid, while the caudal side of the scar and the trapdoor deformity was covered with a tear trough. After movement, the flap was not located outside the lateral canthus, and good cosmetic results were obtained. This report describes our surgical procedure.

Update of recent findings in genetic hair disorders.

Genetic hair disorders, although unusual, are not very rare, and dermatologists often have opportunities to see patients. Significant advances in molecular genetics have led to identifying many causative genes for genetic hair disorders, including the recently identified causative genes, such as LSS and C3ORF52. Many patients have been detected with autosomal recessive woolly hair/hypotrichosis in the Japanese population caused by founder mutations in the LIPH gene. Additionally, many patients with genetic hair disorders caused by other genes have been reported in East Asia including Japan. Understanding genetic hair disorders is essential for dermatologists, and the findings obtained from analyzing these diseases will contribute to revealing the mechanisms of hair follicle morphogenesis and development in humans.

An epidemiological survey of anhidrotic/hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia in Japan: High prevalence of allergic diseases.

Anhidrotic/hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (A/HED) is a congenital disorder characterized by anhidrosis/hypohidrosis and inadequate hair and dental dysplasia. Large-scale case studies of patients with A/HED have already been conducted overseas, while there has been no large-scale study, but only a few case reports in Japan. Furthermore, an epidemiological study of this disease has not been conducted in Japan to date. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of A/HED patients, the status of genetic aberrations and complications of A/HED in Japan. Initially, we conducted a physician-initiated questionnaire survey of A/HED patients who visited medical institutions across Japan to investigate their backgrounds, clinical symptoms, genotypes, diagnostic methods and complications of A/HED. We also investigated the presence or absence of various allergic diseases (atopic dermatitis-like skin manifestations, bronchial asthma and food allergies). Questionnaires were also obtained from 26 patients with ectodermal dysplasia (ED) who visited four medical institutions. We compared the incidence of allergic diseases in healthy controls in a similar study to that of patients. Twenty-four of those patients were considered to have A/HED, of which 18 had a confirmed genetic diagnosis and were genotyped. All patients had anhidrosis or hypohidrosis, hair and dental dysplasia, and unique facial appearance; 23 patients had several cutaneous manifestations and seven patients had periorbital pigmentation. In addition, there was a significantly higher incidence of atopic dermatitis-like cutaneous manifestations, bronchial asthma and food allergies in the A/HED patients than in healthy controls. We report the results from a questionnaire survey of 24 patients with A/HED. This is the first report of a large number of A/HED patients in Japan. This study clarifies the status of clinical diagnosis and genetic testing of A/HED patients in Japan, as well as the characteristics of their skin symptoms and allergic complications.